Entrepreneurial Competencies of Indian Women Entrepreneurs in Micro Service Enterprises

Authors

  •   Ashish Mahajan Assistant Professor, Sushila Devi Bansal College of Technology, Umaria, A. B. Road, Near Rau, Indore - 453 331, Madhya Pradesh
  •   Rupal Chowdhary Associate Professor,Prestige Institute of Management & Research, Education & Health Sector, Scheme No, 54, Indore - 452 010, Madhya Pradesh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17010/amcije/2022/v5i2/171468

Keywords:

Entrepreneurial competencies

, Indian women entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs

Paper Submission Date

, April 25, 2022, Paper Sent Back for Revision, May 9, Paper Acceptance Date, May 15, 2022

Abstract

Research in entrepreneurship domain has proved positive association of entrepreneurial competencies with the performance of business enterprises. These competencies have been reported differently by men and women entrepreneurs. This study was an attempt to shift the focus from traditional challenges to the growth vision of women entrepreneurs which can be achieved through understanding and enhancing entrepreneurial competencies relevant to business enterprise. This study reflected the entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs from India through a well designed questionnaire listing the psychometric statements that indicate the competencies of respondents. Responses from 157 emerging women entrepreneurs running micro service business units from Indian urban areas revealed fresh insight in this domain. Results of the study indicated the emergence of new profiles of women entrepreneurs in the service sector. Factor analysis revealed three clusters of entrepreneurial competencies namely, personal and human relations competency, core entrepreneurial competency, business and management competency which showed that women as entrepreneurs are good at personal and behavior competencies. This differentiates them from their male counterparts when compared with past researches. This study aimed at providing agenda for training and development of evolving breed of women entrepreneurs through understanding the required entrepreneurial competencies. The study contributes to the next level in women entrepreneurship literature in developing countries like India.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2022-06-01

How to Cite

Mahajan, A., & Chowdhary, R. (2022). Entrepreneurial Competencies of Indian Women Entrepreneurs in Micro Service Enterprises. AMC Indian Journal of Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.17010/amcije/2022/v5i2/171468

References

Afrin, S., Islam, N., & Ahmed, S. (2010). Micro credit and rural women entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh: A multivariate model. Journal of Business and Management, 16(1), 2010. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3203269

Agarwal, S., & Lenka, U. (2015). Study on work-life balance of women entrepreneurs – Review and research agenda. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(7), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2015-0006

Alsos, G. A., Isaksen, E. J., & Ljunggren, E. (2006). New venture financing and subsequent business growth in men–and women–led businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2006.00141.x

Anggadwita, G., Luturlean, B.S., Ramadani, V. &Ratten, V. (2017). Socio-cultural environments and emerging economy entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2016-0011

Atkinson, J. & Hurstfield, J. (2003).The Annual Small Business Survey 2003: UK. Institute for Employment Studies, London. https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/resource/annual-small-business-survey-2003-uk Bird, B. (1995). Towards a theory of entrepreneurial competency. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 2(1), 51–72.

Bosma, N., & Kelly, D. (2018). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2018/19 Global Report. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=50213

Brockhaus, R. H. (1980). Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 509–520.

Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., Hart, M. M., & Hyller, H. S. (2001). From initial idea to unique advantage: The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base. The Academy of Management Executive, 15(1), 64–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4165711

Buttner, E. H. (2001). Examining female entrepreneurs' management style: An application of a relational frame. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026460615436

Capaldoa, G., Iandoli, L., & Ponsiglione, C. (2004, July 4-7). Entrepreneurial competencies and training needs of small firms: A methodical approach [Conference presentation]. 14th Annual IntEnt Conference,University of Napoli Federico II. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.114.8461&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Carter, S. (2000). Improving the numbers and performance of women-owned businesses: Some implications for training and advisory services, Education+Training, 42 (4/5), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910010373732

Carter, S. L. & Shaw, E. (2006). Women's business ownership: Recent research and policy developments. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253378610_WOMEN'S_BUSINESS_OWNERSHIP_RECENT_RESEARCH_AND_POLICY_DEVELOPMENT

S Chaganti, R. (1986). Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4), 19–29.

Chatterjee, C. and Ramu, S. (2018). Gender and its rising role in modern Indian innovation and entrepreneurship. IIMB Management Review, 30(1), 62–72.

Chen, C. C., Green, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3

Churchill, G. A. Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150876

Chwolka, A., & Raith, M. G. (2012). The value of business planning before start-up: A decision-theoretical perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(3), 385–399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.01.002

Clercq, D. De, Sapienza, H. J., Yavuz, R. I., & Zhou, L. (2012). Learning and knowledge in early internationalization research: Past accomplishments and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 143–165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.09.003

Collins, O. F., & Moore, D. G. (1964). Enterprising Man. Michigan State University Press.

Colombo, M.G., & Grilli, L. (2005). Founders' human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view. Research Policy, 34(6), 795–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.010

Dewangan, P., Vinayagam, S. S., & Shrivastava, K. K. (2019). Constraints faced by women entrepreneurs towards entrepreneurial development: Learned experiences from women's groups. Communication Approaches, 37, 61.

Farooq, O., Satt, H., & Ramid, S. (2019). Gender difference and informal competition: Evidence from India. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-01-2018-0010

Farr-Wharton, R., & Brunetto, Y. (2007). Women entrepreneurs, opportunity recognition and government-sponsored business networks: A social capital perspective. Women in Management Review, 22(3), 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420710743653

Ferraris, A., Santoro, G., & Papa, A. (2018). The cities of the future: Hybrid all projects for open innovation projects. Futures,103, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures. 2018.03.012

Fielden, S. L., Davidson, M. J., Dawe, A. J., & Makin, P. J. (2003). Factors inhibiting the economic growth of female owned small businesses in North West England. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(2), 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000310473184

Gholipor, R., Aghajani, H., Karimi, K., & Ali, M. (2009). Survey of a model for capital structure in family-based businesses (covering oil and textile industries). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 1(3), 159–190. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=166626 GEM. (2017).

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2016-2017 Global Report. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2016-2017-global-report GEM. (2020). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2019/2020 Global Report. https://www.babson.edu/media/babson/assets/global-entrepreneurship-monitor/2019-2020-GEM-Global-Report.pdf

Green, W. S. (2009). From commerce to culture: Entrepreneurship in the mainstream. In G. Page West III & Elizabeth J. Gatewood & Kelly G. Shaver (ed.), Handbook of University-wide Entrepreneurship Education, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Grey, K. R., & Finley-Hervey, J. (2005). Women and entrepreneurship in Morocco: Debunking stereotypes and discerning strategies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 203–217.

Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Hallahan, T. A., Faff, R., & McKenzie, M. (2004). An empirical investigation of financial risk tolerance. Financial Services Review, 13(1), 57–78.

Hossain, A., Naser, K., Zaman, A., & Nuseibeh, R. (2009). Factors influencing women business development in the developing countries: Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 17(3), 202–224. https://doi.org/10.1108/19348830910974923

Ismail, V. Y. (2014). The comparison of entrepreneurial competency in woman micro-, small-, and medium-scale entrepreneurs. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.426

Izquierdo, E., & Deschoolmeester, D. (2010). What entrepreneurial competencies should be emphasized in entrepreneurship and innovation education at the undergraduate level? In A. Fayolle (Ed.), Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education, 3 (pp. 194–206). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Javadian, G., & Singh, R. P. (2012). Examining successful Iranian women entrepreneurs: An exploratory study. Gender in Management, 27(3), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411211221259

Jha, S., & Bag, D. (2019). Why do informal service enterprises remain informal? A RIDIT approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(3), 381–396. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-01-2018-0009

Kariv, D. (2010). The role of management strategies in business performance: Men and women entrepreneurs managing creativity and innovation. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 9(3), 243–263. https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJESB.2010.031921

Kelley, D. J., Baumer, B. S., Brush, C., Greene, P. G., Mahdavi, M., Cole, M. M. M., & Heavlow, R. (2017). Women's entrepreneurship 2016/2017 report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. http://gemconsortium.org/

Kothari, T. (2017). Women entrepreneurs' path to building venture success: Lessons from India. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(2), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-03-2016-0021

Kumara, S. A. V.,& Sahasranam, C. (2009). Entrepreneurial characteristics among business management students: An empirical study. IUP Journal of Management Research, 8(6), 7–29. https://www.proquest.com/openview/0a69371f5772144af1b007dbc23d67fa/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=54462

Lai, K. P., Nathan, R. J., Tan, K. S., & Chan, S. B. (2010). Effect of innovation to the success of female entrepreneurs. Journal of Innovation Management in Small and Medium Enterprises, 2010(2010), Article ID 369877, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5171/2010.369877

Lerner, M., & Almor, T. (2002). Relationships among strategic capabilities and the performance of women owned small ventures. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 109–125. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1540-627X.00044

Man, T. W. Y., & Lau, T. (2005). The context of entrepreneurship in Hong Kong: An investigation through the patterns of entrepreneurial competencies in contrasting industrial environments. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000510628162

Manolova, T. S., Carter, N. M., Manev, I. M., & Gyoshev, B. S. (2007). The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs' human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 407–426. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2007.00180.x

Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. (2002). Inventors and new venture formation: The effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-8520.00004

Martin, A. (1982). Additional aspects of entrepreneurial history. In C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, and K. H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 15–19). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

McClelland, D. C. (1965). N achievement and entrepreneurship: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(4), 389–392. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0021956

McClelland, D. C. (1987). Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Creative Behavior, 21(3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1987.tb00479.x

Mill, J. S. (1848). Principles of political economy with some of their applications to social philosophy. London: Longmans, Green, & Co.

Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial competencies: A literature review and development agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 16(2), 92–111.https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011026995

Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. (2013). Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001311298448

Mitra, R. (2002). The growth pattern of women-run enterprises: An empirical study in India. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(2), 217–237.

Mitton, D. G. (1989). The compleat entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104225878901300303

Mulder, M., Lans, T., Verstegen, J., Biemans, H., & Meijer, Y. (2007). Competence development of entrepreneurs in innovative horticulture. Journal of Workplace Learning, 19(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620710719330

Nählinder, J., Tillmar, M., & Wigren, C. (2015). Towards a gender-aware understanding of innovation: A three-dimensional route. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-09-2012-0051

Nuthall, P. L. (2006). Determining the important management skill competencies: The case of family farm business in New Zealand. Agricultural Systems, 88(2/3), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.06.022

Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.008

Panda, S. (2018). Constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in developing countries: Review and ranking. Gender in Management, 33(4), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2017-0003

Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behavior in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 605–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00026-3

Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Born to be an entrepreneur? Revisiting the personality approach to entrepreneurship. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese, & R. A. Baron (Eds.), The Psychology of Entrepreneurship (pp. 41–65). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Robinson, S. (2001). An examination of entrepreneurial motives and their influence on the way rural women small business owners manage their employees. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 6(2), 151. https://www.proquest.com/openview/286459375ad51e0d644a99dcbe516c78/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=32118

Sadler-Smith, E. (2010). The intuitive mind: Profiting from the power of your sixth sense. John Wiley and Sons.

Saiz-Alvarez, J. M., & Martínez, A. C. (2019). Entrepreneurial quality and economic crisis in the euro zone countries driven by innovation. In S. R. Nair and J. M. Saiz-Alvarez (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Ethics, Entrepreneurship, and Governance in Higher Education (pp. 414–432). USA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5837-8.ch019

Schubert, R. (2006). Analyzing and managing risks – On the importance of gender differences in risk attitudes. Managerial Finance, 32(9), 706–715. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350610681925

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271

Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1992). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104225879201600204

Smith, B., & Morse, E. (2005). Entrepreneurial competencies: A literature review and best practices. Small Business Policy Branch, Industry Canada, Ottawa.

Solesvik, M., Iakovleva, T., & Trifilova, A. (2019). Motivation of female entrepreneurs: A cross- national study. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,26(5), 684–705. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2018-0306

Staber, U. (2001). The structure of networks in industrial districts. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(3), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00328

Taatila, V. (2010). Pragmatism as a philosophy of education for entrepreneurship. 3rd International FINPIN 2010 Conference. Finland.

Tehseen, S., & Ramayah, T. (2015). Entrepreneurial competencies and SMEs business success: The contingent role of external integration. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1p50

Umar, A., Omar, C. M. Z. C., Hamzah, M. S. G., & Hashim A. (2018). The mediating effect of innovation on entrepreneurial competencies and business success in Malaysian SMEs. International Business Research, 11(8), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n8p142

Valtonen, H. (2007). Does culture matter? Entrepreneurial attitudes in the autobiographies of twentieth-century business leaders in Finland and the United States. Business and Economic History Online, 5(1), 1–24.

Vijayaragavan, T. (2014). Problems and opportunities of women entrepreneurs in India. International Journal of Business and Management Invention,3(7), 59–61. https://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(3)7/J037059061.pdf

Vita, L. De, Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal, 32(3), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.07.009

Volery, T., Mueller, S., & Siemens, B. V. (2013). Entrepreneur ambidexterity: A study of entrepreneur behaviors and competencies in growth oriented small and medium-sized enterprises. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 33(2), 109–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242613484777

Wagener, S., Gorgievski, M., & Rijsdijk, S. (2010). Businessman or host? Individual differences between entrepreneurs and small business owners in the hospitality industry. The Service Industries Journal, 30(9), 1513–1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642060802624324

Walker, E., & Webster, B. (2006). Management competencies of women business owners. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2, 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0009-9

Weinert, F. E. (2001). Concept of competence: A conceptual clarification. In D. S. Rychen & L. H. Salganik (Eds.), Defining and selecting key competencies (pp. 45–65). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-05275-003

Welsh, D. H.B., Kaciak, E., & Shamah, R. (2018). Determinants of women entrepreneurs' firm performance in a hostile environment. Journal of Business Research, 88, 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.015

Zainol, N. R., & Al Mamun, A. (2018). Entrepreneurial competency, competitive advantage and performance of informal women micro-entrepreneurs in Kelantan, Malaysia. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 12(3),299–321.https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2017-0090

Zarifian, P. (1999). Objective competence, for a new logic. Paris: Editions Liaisons.

Zarifian, P. (2001). The competence model: Historical trajectory, current challenges and proposals. Translation Eric Rolande René Heneault. São Paulo: SENAC, 2003. Competence objective: For a new logic. Translation Maria Helena CV Trylinski. São Paulo: Atlas.